> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://library.vsa.edu.hk/vsalibrary/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://library.vsa.edu.hk/vsalibrary/research/citing-sources/vsa-library-mla-guide-introduction/vsa-library-mla-guide-in-text-citations.md).

# In-text Citations

### Introduction

Whenever you paraphrase, quote or use information or ideas from a source, you need to include an in-text citation so that anyone reading your work can easily find the original source of the information.

Use in-text citatations to

* give **credit** to the authors of the sources you have used.
* increase the **credibility** of your argument
* avoid **plagiarism**

### The Basics

{% embed url="<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eahyeD108uE>" %}

### MyBib Guide

You can use MyBib to find what your in-text citation​ should include, but this will only work if you have added the correct author's name.

<figure><img src="https://content.gitbook.com/content/5tGQOVGi0uC12dblDnaj/blobs/CRO3cuM0MQJRgoEX3nq7/image.png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>

### MyBib Tip

MyBib will suggest the in-text citations for your sources, but these will only be correct if you have included the correct author and article title in your reference.

![](https://libapps-au.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/accounts/212159/images/Screenshot_2022-10-13_at_7.55.46_AM.png)

### Expert Tips

* Your in-text citation will always be either the last name of the author, or the name of the article (in quotation marks).&#x20;
* Your in-text citations will never be a website name
* Your in-text citations should never be in italics
* You should not use a URL inside an in-text citation
* Full-stop should appear after the in-text citation (after the last bracket).

### Multiple Sources by the Same Author

If you are citing multiple works by the same author, identify which source you are citing from by including a comma after the author’s name, followed by the title (or a shortened version of the title) e.g. (Austen, *Pride* ).

### Co-Authors

For 2 authors, list both authors in the in-text citation:

e.g. (Lin and Lan)

> **Work Cited**
>
> Lin, Tsun-Ju, and Yu-Ju Lan. “Language Learning in Virtual Reality Environments: Past, Present, and Future.” *Journal of Educational Technology & Society*, vol. 18, no. 4, 2015, pp. 486–497. *JSTOR*, [www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.18.4.486](http://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.18.4.486).

&#x20;For 3 or more authors, list the the first authorfollowedd by *et al.*:

e.g. (Yang et al.)

> **Work Cited**
>
> Yang, Fumeng, et al. “A Virtual Reality Memory Palace Variant Aids Knowledge Retrieval from Scholarly Articles.” *IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics*, 2020, pp. 1–1, 10.1109/tvcg.2020.3009003. Accessed 4 Mar. 2021.

{% hint style="info" %}

* MLA does **not** use footnotes.
* An in-text citation points to the text at the **beginning** of a works cited entry (author or “article title”)
* When you're citing a book or a journal article, you should always include the number of the page in the original source that contains the quote or information that you are referring to.
* Punctuation such as a full-stop should appear after the brackets of the citation, not inside the previous sentence or quote:

This example is incorrect:

" ... without considering the forces that cause them to move." (Whittaker)

This example is correct:

&#x20;" ... without considering the forces that cause them to move” (Whittaker).
{% endhint %}

### Where should I put my in-text citations?

In-text citations should usually be placed at the end of a sentence.

> Manga scholar Mike Hill notes that "the influence of Disney can be seen in the character designs and storytelling techniques used in many manga" (34).

If you quote or paraphrase from two different pages in the same source you can include these in one in-text citation, separated by a colon:

> In the period from 1979 to 1999, Hong Kong's film production averaged 133 films annually, while the mainland made less than 100 films per year in the 1980s (127; 134).

If you quote or paraphrase from different sources in one sentence, you can also include these in one in-text citation, separated by a colon:

> In a recent study, it was found that "music can have a positive impact on memory recall" and this has been subsequently backed up by research (Green 67; Wang 89).

If you quote or paraphrase from different sources in one sentence, you can place the in-text citation directly after the quotations if needed to link the quotation more clearly to the correct source. You can also do this to clearly distinguish your ideas from those of others.

> According to Yip, video game arcades were a common sight in the city (45), while Mak makes the point that "people of all ages were flocking to arcades" (211).