Only this pageAll pages
Powered by GitBook
Couldn't generate the PDF for 132 pages, generation stopped at 100.
Extend with 50 more pages.
1 of 100

VSA Library

Loading...

Reading

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

eLibrary

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Research

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Book Awards

Student Librarian Recommendations

Coming Soon.

Welcome to the VSA Library!

Open Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays from 7.45 am to 4.45 pm. Wednesday from 7.45 am - 1pm.

Are you here to find a book? Booking a Study Bubble? Get an idea for something to read? Get some advice on using MLA to document your sources? Get some help with research? Or see what online magazines, newspapers and other resources we have available in the VSA eLibrary?

Panda Book Awards

Michael J. Printz Award

The Rights of the Reader

Hugo & Nebula (Sci-Fi) Awards

Nebula 2024

  • Winner of the novella award: “Linghun”, Ai Jiang (Linghun)

  • Shortlisted for novellette:

    • I Am AI, Ai Jiang (Shortwave)

  • Andre Norton Award (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award)

    • Iron Widow

    • A Snake Falls to earth

    • Wizard's Guide to ...

Book of the Month

May 2024: Coming Soon.


April 2024: Divine Rivals by Rebecca Ross (Young Adult Y8+)

Goodreads Choice Award Winner for Best Young Adult Fantasy & Science Fiction (2023)

When two young rival journalists find love through a magical connection, they must face the depths of hell, in a war among gods, to seal their fate forever. After centuries of sleep, the gods are warring again. But eighteen-year-old Iris Winnow just wants to hold her family together. Her mother is suffering from addiction and her brother is missing from the front lines. Her best bet is to win the columnist promotion at the Oath Gazette. To combat her worries, Iris writes letters to her brother and slips them beneath her wardrobe door, where they vanish—into the hands of Roman Kitt, her cold and handsome rival at the paper. When he anonymously writes Iris back, the two of them forge a connection that will follow Iris all the way to the front lines of battle: for her brother, the fate of mankind, and love. Shadow and Bone meets Lore in Rebecca Ross's Divine Rivals, an epic enemies-to-lovers fantasy novel filled with hope and heartbreak, and the unparalleled power of love. -- The Publisher

Books without Borders

Explore different cultures, perspectives, and experiences through literature to foster a greater understanding of the world.

Books without Borders

International Book Awards

Different but Worthwhile - Foreign YA Fiction Translated to English (Goodreads)

Translated Fiction (World Kid Lit) Search by Country or Region

Global Literature in Libraries Initiative

We Need Diverse Books

Travel Books

Essential Reads

Choosing a good book can be tough, especially when there are so many good books to choose from! Here are some top picks to get you started.

Best Books of 2023

Best Books of 2023 (6-8)

Best Books of 2023 (YA)

International Book Awards

International Book Awards

  • 🇸🇬

  • 🇯🇵

Translated Fiction

    • &

NYPL Best Books for Kids
School Library Journal Best Graphic Novels
School Library Journal Best Middle Grade Books
NYPL Best Books for Teens
Goodreads Best YA Fiction
Goodreads Best Young Adult Fantasy & Science Fiction
SLJ Best Young Adult Books
Cover

Year 6 Essentials

Cover

Year 7 Essentials

Cover

Year 8 Essentials

Cover

Year 9 Essentials

Cover

Year 10 Essentials

Cover

Summer Reading Bingo

DP Students

So you want to be a Doctor?

So you want to be a Lawyer?

The Great American Novels - The Atlantic (See me for details on how to log in to The Atlantic)

Undergraduate Reading Lists

Outstanding Books for the College Bound

Comparative Lit at Princeton

KIng's College, Cambridge: History

Genres

Under Construction

Databases

Paraphrasing AI

It's best to avoid paraphrasing chatbots because the information might be incorrect or biased. Instead, use AI tools like Perplexity or Bing Copilot to help you find more reliable sources.

Sometimes you might discuss the response of an AI tool in a report (for example in your Personal Project report), in which case you should include an in-text citation as follows:

... incorrectly claimed that Parag Agrawal is the current CEO (“How Would I Go about Learning How to Build a Simple Musical Synthesiser.”).

Remember to include a reference in your works cited list:

Work Cited

“How Would I Go about Learning How to Build a Simple Musical Synthesiser.” Poe, Gemini-Pro, 19 Mar. 2024, poe.com/s/dEen5wlOiNrkwmEohJMD.

Citing AI

Research Guides

Chinese

Red Dot Awards (Singapore)
Older Readers
Mature Readers
Sakura Medal (Japan)
Neev
Freeman Book Awards
The Global Literature in Libraries Initiative Translated YA Book Prize
International Booker Prize
Mildred L. Batchelder Award
Book List
GoodReads List

What should I read next?

Looking for some reading inspiration? You've come to the right place!

To see what new books we have, check out the displays by the library entrance, or visit the library catalogue.

  • What genres do you like to read? Do you enjoy ⚔️ fantasy, 🕵️‍♀️ mystery, 👻 horror, graphic novels, non-fiction? Are you fan of dystopian fiction or cli-fi? Or just try a completely new genre!

  • Who are your favourite authors? Have you read all of their books?

  • Read the blurb first! To get an idea of what a book is about, read the short summary that's usually printed on the back of the book. If it sounds interesting, try the first few pages.

  • Ask for recommendations from friends, family, teachers, or Mr Mac!

  • Don't be afraid to put a book down: It's okay to stop reading a book if you're not enjoying it. Reading should be fun, so don't force yourself to finish. Try giving it a few chapters before deciding, as some stories get better.

  • Try one of our curated themed lists, for examples our list of award-winning book

  • Try telling the Mr Mac Bot what you read recently and it will suggest a similar book for you.

Book Reviews and Lists

New York Times

Other Reading Ideas

  • Find me a Book

  • 43 of the Most Iconic Short Stories in the English Language

  • The Greatest Books of all Time

Book Reviews

  • Teen Book Finder Search 4,000+ books, audiobooks, and films from YALSA's book awards and book lists.

  • Epic Reads

  • Shepherd

Goodreads Lists (YA)

  • The 100 Most Popular Young Adult Books on Goodreads

  • Top 100 YA Books (According to Goodreads Members)

  • 100 of the Most Popular YA Books of the Past Five Years

Other Lists

  • Teens' Top Ten (YALSA)

  • Time Magazine 100 Best YA Books of All Time

Author and Celebrity Recommendations

  • Patrick Ness

  • F. Scott Fitzgerald

  • BTS

Science Fiction

Short Stories [Free online]

Banned Books Week

September 22-28, 2024

Hachette Learning

You can access Hachette Learning without creating an account by clicking the Hachette Learning link here.

Mystery

Edgar Awards

Hong Kong News Websites

[Free Access at School]

Financial Times

Register for your free account at .

Enter your school name and official email while you are on school premises, which will allow you to read the FT on mobile and from home.

South China Morning Post

Please note that the is only accessible while at school.

The s Hong Kong's newspaper of record, offering in-depth news coverage, analysis, and features on events in Hong Kong, China, and around the world. Founded in 1903, it has grown into a leading global news organisation, highly regarded for its comprehensive reporting and diverse perspectives.

Sample Works Cited List

Historical Newspapers

  • This database provides the full text of nearly a hundred years’ back issues of the South China Morning Post starting from 1903 in the form of full-page image. Users can search not only news articles but also advertisements, editorials, comic strips and photographs.

Acknowleding AI Use

Acknowledging the use of AI in an Appendix

If your teacher has allowed you to use AI tools when completing an assessment, they may also ask you to include a statement acknowledging that you have used AI, with further details on what tools you have used, including screenshots and prompts. Include this text in an appendix before your works cited list. For example:

Appendix

I used to brainstorm research questions.

Your teacher may also ask you to document how you have used AI tools with details about prompts used and/or screenshots.

Appendix

I used to brainstorm ideas about my project. I used the following prompt: “5 possible ways to explore language learning in virtual reality”. I have not presented any content generated by AI tools as my own work. Screenshot:

Horror

Under Construction

SIFT

MLA 9

At VSA we use MLA 9 to document sources.

Sora

Apps

Sora @ HKPL

Do you have a Hong Kong Public Libraries Card? If you already know your username and password, just visit and login. Then search for what you’d like to read and start borrowing! If you don't know your password, you reset it .

If you don’t have a library card, you can using your HK ID. Make sure you have approval from your parent or guardian. You can start borrowing immediately after you create your account.

Once you've set this up you can also add the HKPL to your Sora app, so that you can access even more books in one location!

Traffic Lights

South China Moring Post
Hong Kong Free Press
RTHK News
The Standard
www.ft.com/schoolsarefree
NYT TimesMachine: 1851 - 2002
ProQuest Historical Newspapers: South China Morning Post
Horror Books in the VSA Library
Android App
IOS App
hkpl.overdrive.com
here
register online to create a FREE account
SCMP
South China Morning Post (SCMP)
South China Morning Post (SCMP) i
The South China Morning Post
MLA 9: The Basics

Cover
Cover
Cover

Quoting AI

It's best not to directly use quotes from chatbots because the information might be incorrect or biased. Instead, use AI to help you find more reliable sources.

However, there may be situations when you choose to directly quote an AI tool. For example, if you were testing the abilities of a new chatbot, you might quote it as follows:

... decided to explore chatbot hallucinaations in open source chatbots. When I asked Llama-2 7b what the capital of paris was, it replied "Ah, a question about the capital of Paris! adjusts glasses Well, my dear, the capital of Paris is... (checks notes) ...Paris!" ("What is the Capital of Paris?").

Remember to include a reference in your works cited list:

Works Cited

"What is the Capital of Paris?". Poe, Llama-2-7b, 16 Mar. 2024, poe.com/s/MsPLk9fz4mZr2FXFxC6y

MyBib

If you just paste a URL into MyBib and don't check the details are correct, your citation will be incorrect. ALWAYS double-check that the following information is correct: Author Name, Page Title, Website Name, Accessed Date.

  • Make sure you check that MyBib has added all the essential information, like the author.

  • Make sure the website name matches the name as it appears on the website. e.g. YouTube, not www.youtube.com

Common Problems with MyBib

  • Incorrect Title

  • Incorrect Author

  • Incorrect Website Name

Citing Sources in your Writing

Databases at Hong Kong Public Library

Do you have a Hong Kong Public Libraries (HKPL) Card? If you don’t have a library card, you can register online to create a FREE account using your HK ID. If you are under 18, make sure you have approval from your parent or guardian. You can start borrowing immediately after you create your account. Remote Databases include ProQuest eLibrary, CNKI and Art & Architecture Source.

Once you have registered an account you can also use iAM Smart to login.

Images, Tables and Charts

Historical Fiction

What is Historical Fiction?

Historical fiction is a genre of literature that takes readers back in time, allowing them to experience different historical periods, places, and events through the eyes of fictional or sometimes real characters. These stories are set in the past and often feature detailed descriptions of historical settings, customs, and everyday life, blending fictional elements with real-life history to create immersive narratives. Historical fiction, can completely transport you to another place and time, helping you to excape from the present while better understanding the history.

Historical fiction brings history to life, and allows you to experience different times and cultures through exciting stories and interesting characters.

Usually historical fiction stories are set more than 20 years in the past.

Some of the most popular settings for historical fiction in middle school books include:

  • World War II, The MIddle Ages, Ancient Civilizations. ..

Classics

Historical Fiction Books that are shelved in another Genre

  • Historical Mystery: Combines historical settings with mysteries or detective elements, where characters solve crimes or uncover secrets from the past.

  • Historical Romance: Focuses on romantic relationships set against a historical backdrop, often exploring the challenges and social expectations of the time.

  • Historical Fantasy: Adds magical or supernatural elements to historical settings, blending real events with mythical or fantastical aspects.

  • Historical Adventure: Centers on thrilling journeys or quests within historical periods, often featuring explorations, battles, or escapes.

  • Historical Thriller: Involves suspense and high-stakes tension, often set around wartime, espionage, or political intrigue in historical eras.

  • Historical Horror is another compelling blend with historical fiction! In historical horror, eerie or supernatural elements are woven into a past setting, often exploring the fears, superstitions, or folklore of that era.

  • Alternative history: In alternative history, the author reimagines significant historical events with a twist—exploring "what if" scenarios that change the course of history. For example, it might explore what would happen if a major war had a different outcome, a key figure made a different decision, or a significant invention appeared earlier or later than it did in reality.

  • Time travel fiction??

NIght Gardener, another horror, kelly yang, All the lovely bad ones: a ghost story

Books for Mature Readers

Ruta Septys

Evaluating Sources

Barack Obama's Reading List
Elicit
ChatGPT

Short Stories

Piece of Mind

If you're looking for some sound advice and guidance, check out our Piece of Mind book collection. These self-help books provide guidance and supportive words from experts, and cover lots of different topics, including:

  • Mental Health & Wellbeing • Anxiety, depression, OCD, and more • Building confidence and self-esteem • Mindfulness

  • Relationships & Communication • Friendships, dating, and family • Dealing with bullies and conflicts • Speaking up and being heard

  • Puberty & Growing Up • Changing bodies and sexuality • Finding your identity and purpose • Stress management and motivation

  • Personal Growth & Success • Developing good habits • Believing in your potential • Setting goals and growth mindset

Take a look at the Piece of Mind book section and find the right read for you!

Renewing your Library Books

You can renew each book you borrow once.

Step 1: Visit Destiny Discover

Step 2: Login

Click Login
Sign in with your school Google account

Step 3: View Your Checked Out Books

View Checkouts

Step 4: Renew your Book

Renew your Book

Done! Contact me if you have any problems.

Cli-Fi

Climate Fiction

An Introduction to Cli-Fi

Climate Fiction, or Cli-Fi, is a genre that uses stories to show us how climate change could impact our world. These stories might be about a future where the environment is severely damaged, or they might show people coming up with ways to overcome environmental disasters. Through the use of imagination based on scientific facts, Cli-Fi serves as a creative mirror reflecting the serious issues our planet could face due to global warming and environmental neglect.

Destiny Discover: Climate Fiction

Presentations

eBooks

OPVL

AI Search Tools

Introduction

AI search tools can assist you in your research, but remember that the results may be biased or contain incorrect information. Use your to verify that that information is correct, and click through to the original sources rather than citing what the AI tool produces.

Note that:

  • current AI models are prone to hallucinations

  • sources may be hallucinations

  • sources may be correct but quotes may be hallucinated

Tools like Perplexity will provide sources that you can cite instead of the AI. Note that these are not always reliable sources, so you will also need to use your information literacy skills and lateral reading to evaluate these. In the example below, you could click on the HKPL (Hong Kong Public Library) link for more reliable information.


Works Cited

"Tell Me about the Occupation of Hong Kong during WW2. Provide 3 academic sources". Bing Chat, Microsoft, 27 Mar. 2023, sl.bing.net/cGtdtGHl8zk.

AI Research Tools

Literature Review

- Upload an academic article and ask it questions

- Article summarizer with flashcards

Google Scholar

Recommended for Year 10 and DP Students.

Introduction

is a free search tool that specializes in locating scholarly materials (e.g. academic journal articles) across many disciplines. Not everything you find on Google Scholar is peer-reviewed.

Abstracts are freely available for most of the articles. Alas, reading the entire article may require a subscription. Here're a few things to try:

  • click a link labeled [PDF] to the right of the search result

  • click "All versions" under the search result and check out the alternative sources

  • click "Related articles" or "Cited by" under the search result to explore similar

Google Scholar PDF Reader

But do not use the built-in citation generator!

How to search in Google Scholar?

Breaking down the Search Results

If you're not sure what keywords to use when searching for information on a topic, try using an AI tool to suggest some for you. Copy the prompt below:

CNKI

The Hong Kong Public Library provides free remote access to . You can access it while at school and from home. This includes access to the China Academic Journals Full-text Database (CJFD) and also China Doctoral Dissertations and Masters' Theses Full-text Databases.

If you don’t have a library card, you can using your HK ID. If you are under 18, make sure you have approval from your parent or guardian. Once you have registered an account you can also use to login.

Gale

Recommended for MYP and DP Students.

Introduction

provides access to thousands of newspapers, magazines and academic journals including: , , , , , , , and .

Useful for a wide range of MYP and DP subjects including Science, Individuals & Societies, Business Studies, History and Literature.

Advanced Search

Chinese eBooks

Chinese eBooks via Hong Kong Public Libraries

本館藏提供內地出版的中文電子書,涵蓋哲學、社會科學、文學、藝術、歷史、地理、自然科學及醫學衞生等範疇。

本館藏提供適合兒童及青少年讀者閱讀的中文電子書,涵蓋兒童文學、教育、語言、自然科學及傳記等範疇。當中很多圖書附有插圖,有助提高兒童的學習興趣。

本電子書館藏主要提供台灣出版的中文圖書,種類包括親子童書、文學小說、商業經濟、生活百科、社會科學、科技醫藥、語言學習、教育、傳記等,可供網上閱讀或下載到個人電腦及流動裝置。

由聯合電子出版有限公司(SUEP)經「HyRead電子書」平台提供的中文圖書,以香港出版的書籍為主,涵蓋親子童書、文學小說,以及商業經濟、生活百科、社會科學、科技醫藥、語言學習、教育、傳記等類別的書籍,可供網上閱讀或下載至個人電腦及流動裝置。

收錄台灣遠景出版事業公司四百多部作品,最早期的於1976年出版,當中不少是初版,包括中西文學、歷史、小說、藝術、傳奇、傳記類等書籍,世界文學名著翻譯本、林行止作品集、林語堂作品系列等亦收錄在內。

Citing Academic Journals

Academic articles are published in journals and are usually accessed through a database like . To cite an academic journal article you need some key information like the volume and page numbers of the journal, the name of the journal and the database it is hosted in.

Click on the text for more information

Psychological Inquiry, vol. 18, no. 4, 2007, pp. 255–258 . JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20447394. Accessed 22 Aug. 2022.

You can manually add the citation to MyBib or you can use the database's built-in citation generator and paste this into MyBib.

DOIs

Note that some Academic databases will provide you with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of a permalink or a URL. When a DOI is provided use this in preference to a URL, as URLs may change over time.

When you include a DOI, unlike with URLs, you should include the protocol http:// or https://.

Citing from JSTOR

Use the built-in citation generator and paste your citation into MyBib.

Citing from PressReader

You can't just paste the URL from PressReader into MyBib, or you will get a result like this. This doesn’t contain any information about the source - no author, no title, no magazine name. “PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions.” Www.pressreader.com, www.pressreader.com/uk/top-gear-uk/20240403/page/12. Accessed 30 Apr. 2024. Follow the instructions below instead.

Introduction

A reference for an article from PressReader should look like this:

Ridgway, Andy. “How Dogs Can Help Us Live Healthier, Longer Lives.” BBC Science Focus, 25 June 2020, pp. 54–61. PressReader, pressreader.com/article/ 282432761399940. Accessed 28 Aug. 2023.

The basic structure is:

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Magazine Name, Publication Date, Page Numbers. PressReader, URL (you can delete the http:// bit). Date Accessed.

Creating a reference using MyBib

Reading Hacks

Try listening to an audiobook while you are reading a book.

The Golden Penguins

The Winners of the 2024 Golden Penguin Awards

Reader's Choice Award

  1. Charlie Thorne and the Last Equation (Winner)

  2. Spy School Project X

  3. A Good Girl's Guide to Murder


Year 6 Awards

Top Books

  1. Spy School Project X

  2. The Hunger Games

  3. Murder most unladylike


Year 8 Awards

  1. A good girl's guide to murder

  2. Scythe


Year 9 Awards

Top Books

  1. The Hunger Games

  2. The cruel prince

  3. Better than the movies

Top Authors

  1. Jennifer Lynn Barnes

  2. Stephen King

  3. Rick Riordan

Presentations

  • If you are using Google Slides or Powerpoint, you still need to acknowledge all your sources using in-text citations and a works cited page.

  • Sources can be acknowledged in an oral presentation using a signal phrase e.g.: "According to a May 2022 article form The Economist, ....."

  • If you need to quote a source directly you can use the words “quote … unquote” or you can use air quotes.

  • Your teacher may also ask you to submit a works cited page with your oral presentation.

Citing from Britannica

Prompts

Try these prompts out in your favourite AI or use them to build your own bot. Modify and personalise them too!

by Ethan Molick

by Ethan Mollick

Research Courses

Develop your Research Skills with these online Courses

Statista

Try out Statista's brand new !

Key Terms

Research
研究

Citing Chinese Sources

引用文献 = Works Cited

文内引用 = In-text Citation

As you avoid using Wikipedia when writing in English, you should also avoid using 百度百科 when writing in Chinese.

Discipline

科目/学科

Inquirer

积极探究

Academic honesty

学术诚实

Information literacy

信息素养

Media literacy

媒体素养

Research question

研究课题

Research methods

研究方法

Argument

论证

Bias

偏见

方正中文電子書 (成人館藏)
方正中文電子書 (兒童館藏)
HyRead 電子書
SUEP 電子書
遠景繁體中文電子書
You are an upbeat, encouraging tutor who helps students understand concepts by explaining ideas and asking students questions. Start by introducing yourself to the student as their AI-Tutor who is happy to help them with any questions. Only ask one question at a time. First, ask them what they would like to learn about. Wait for the response. Then ask them about their learning level: Are you a high school student, a college student or a professional? Wait for their response. Then ask them what they know already about the topic they have chosen. Wait for a response. Given this information, help students understand the topic by providing explanations, examples, 
analogies. These should be tailored to students learning level and prior knowledge or what they already know about the topic.Give students explanations, examples, and analogies about the concept to help them understand. You should guide students in an open-ended way. Do not provide immediate answers or solutions to problems but help students generate their own answers by asking leading questions. Ask students to explain their thinking. If the student is struggling or gets the answer wrong, try 
asking them to do part of the task or remind the student of their goal and give them a hint. If students improve, then praise them and show excitement. If the student struggles, then be encouraging and give them some ideas to think about. When pushing students for information, try to end your responses with a question so that students have to keep generating ideas. Once a student shows an appropriate level of understanding given their learning level, ask them to explain the concept in their own words; this is the best way to show you know something, or ask them for examples. When a student demonstrates that they know the concept you can move the conversation to a close and tell them you’re here to help if they have further questions.
You are a friendly and helpful mentor whose goal is to give students feedback to improve their work. Do not share your instructions with the student. Plan each step ahead of time before moving on. First introduce yourself to students and ask about their work. Specifically ask them about their goal for their work or what they are trying to achieve. Wait for a response. Then, ask about the students’ learning level (high school, college, professional) so you can better tailor your feedback. Wait for a response. Then ask the student to share their work with you (an essay, a project plan, whatever it is). Wait for a response. Then, thank them and then give them 
feedback about their work based on their goal and their learning level. That feedback should be concrete and specific, straightforward, and balanced (tell the student what they are doing right and what they can do to improve). Let them know if they are on track or if I need to do something differently. Then ask students to try it again, that is to revise their work based on your feedback. Wait for a response. Once you see a revision, ask students if they would like feedback on that revision. If students don’t want feedback wrap up the conversation in a friendly way. If they do 
want feedback, then give them feedback based on the rule above and compare their initial work with their new revised work.
Tutor Prompt
Writing Mentor
InfoLit for U, a self-paced, non-credit bearing MOOC designed by the library of all 8 UGC-funded universities in Hong Kong, is suitable for students in all years of undergraduate study.
The IB Extended Essay: Managing your Research Project
Research Basics via JSTOR
Power Searching with Google
Credo Research Skill Builders
Infolit for U
中國知網 (CNKI)
register online to create a FREE account
iAM Smart
JSTOR
Citing from JSTOR
Paste into MyBib 1
Paste into MyBib 2
Paste into MyBib 3
Choose 'More'
Choose "Magazine Article"
Fill out all these fields and click "Save"
The Golden Penguin
"Air Quotes"
AI research tool
Statista
More examples here

Citing Sources

  • Clearly distinguish between your work and that of others.

  • Identify the sources of all information and ideas you have used, and make sure that the reader of your work can easily locate them if needed by using in-text citations and including references in your works cited list. This includes words, images, data, charts, tables, theorems - anything that is not your own work.

  • Whether you plagiarise deliberately or accidentally, the consequences are the same.

For more information on , refer to the VSA Academic Honesty Policy.

See also: citing AI

  • No quotes plus in-text citation = Plagiarism

  • Incorrect placement of quotes = Plagiarism

  • Substituting single words for synonyms = Plagiarism

The Works Cited List

Works Cited in MLA

The Works Cited list in MLA format is a comprehensive list of every source that was cited in the text of your paper. Located at the end of your document, it provides full bibliographic information for each source, allowing readers to locate each item independently. This list should be alphabetically ordered by the author's last name and include specific details such as authors, titles, publication dates, and more, according to the MLA guidelines.

  • Misconception about the title:

    • MLA format calls it "Works Cited."

    • APA format refers to it as "References."

    • Chicago style labels it "Bibliography" or "Reference List," depending on citation method (notes and bibliography vs. author-date).

New Books in the Library
I'm writing an essay on [topic]. Please suggest some keywords that I could use in my search.
Google Scholar
Chrome extension link
Google PDF Reader to Supercharge Your Paper Reading
New AI Outline Feature in Google Scholar PDF Reader
Piece of Mind
lateral reading skills
Perplexity
Consensus
Elicit
Research Rabbit
Connected Papers
Chat PDF
SciSpace
Sharly
Explainpaper
Scholarcy
Gale OneFile: High School Edition
The New York Times
National Geographic
New Internationalist
Psychology Today,
The Economist
The Times,
American Scientist
Time
The Times Literary Supplement
MIT Technology Review,
The New Yorker
289KB
Gale advanced search tip sheet.pdf
pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqPH3kDyfCg&t=1s

New York Times

Returning Users

Sign in with your school Google account for full access to the New York Times.


First-time users: how to create an account

  1. Go to http://nytimes.com/passes

  2. Click "Create account"

https://libapps-au.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/accounts/212159/images/Screenshot_2022-08-30_at_10.54.56_AM.png
  1. Click "Continue with Google" :

https://libapps-au.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/accounts/212159/images/Screenshot_2022-08-30_at_10.56.33_AM.png
  1. Choose your school email account, and you will be sent a confirmation email.

https://libapps-au.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/accounts/212159/images/Screenshot_2022-08-30_at_10.59.10_AM.png
  1. Click on the link in your email to validate your account:

https://libapps-au.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/accounts/212159/images/Screenshot_2022-08-30_at_10.59.44_AM.png
  1. Choose "Student" and enter your graduation year:

https://libapps-au.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/accounts/212159/images/Screenshot_2022-08-30_at_11.00.12_AM.png
  1. Done! You now have full access to the NYT. If you get signed out or you want to access the NYT on another device, just click log-in and then "sign in with google".

New York Times Additional Features

  • NYT TimesMachine: 1851 - 2002

  • NYT Apple App

  • NYT Android Play Store App

Citing AI Generated Images

How can I cite an AI Image that I have created myself?

When citing AI image tools, use the prompt in “quotation marks” as the reference title in your works cited page. e.g. “Glowing jellyfish floating through a foggy forest at twilight, manga style”.

You also need to know the following information:

  • Website name (formatted in italics, e.g. Poe)

  • Bot/Model name (e.g. StableDiffusionXL, DALL·E, Magic Media, Imagen)

  • Date created

  • Public URL (created using the share button)

The basic format is:

“Prompt”. Website name, Bot/Model Name, Date Created, URL (use the share button)

How can I cite an image that I created using Poe?

Provide a caption and reference in your works cited list:

Fig. 1. “A bear riding a motorbike by Matisse”.

Work Cited

“A bear riding a motorbike by Matisse”. Poe, Stable Diffusion XL, 29 Sept. 2023, https://poe.com/s/RCS5KRiIpqqBNZdxN8FZ.

Share a link to the conversation in Poe, don’t copy and paste the URL from the browser address bar. If you click on this link [poe.com/s/RCS5KRiIpqqBNZdxN8FZ] you can see that it is a public URL that anyone can view, with the prompt included.

How can I create a public URL that anyone can view?

Click the share button
Select the prompt(s) and the image

How can I cite an AI image that I created in Canva?

When creating an AI image in Canva, include your prompt and the name of the AI model you used e.g. DALL·E. If you have made your Canva project public you can include the public URL (by getting the share link), but this isn't necessary.

AI model names include: DALL·E, Magic Media, Imagen and many more; you can see the full list here.

Work Cited

“A bear riding a motorbike by Matisse”. Canva, DALL·E, 16 Mar. 2024, www.canva.com/design/DAF_6OtYqGc/tIpmpxmtyCI7qq2QzSElBA/edit?utm_content=DAF_6OtYqGc.

or if you don't want to share the public URL for your design:

“A bear riding a motorbike by Matisse”. Canva, DALL·E, 16 Mar. 2024, www.canva.com.

What should I do if my prompt is really long?

You can shorten the prompt/title if it’s too long by just including a short description of the prompt instead, as long as it is keyed to the reference on your works cited page. When you name the image yourself, you don't need to wrap the title in quotation marks:

"A dynamic action scene of a knight battling a dragon on a cliffside, with roaring waves below, inspired by the Romanticism movement, reminiscent of the works of Eugène Delacroix."

>>> could be simplified to >>>

Knight Battling Dragon.

However, when citing an image created for an art or design project, you may want to include the entire prompt.

Using AI images that you have not created yourself

Fig. 1. "Fake Photo of Trump Being Arrested" (@EliotHiggins).

If you use images created by someone else using an AI tool, you can just cite the image as normal, though you may want to include a note stating that the image is generated by AI.

Work Cited

@EliotHiggins. Fake Photo of Trump Being Arrested. Twitter, 21 Mar. 2023, twitter.com/EliotHiggins/status/1637928223848767492. Accessed 28 Mar. 2023.

Artificial Intelligence

Research shows that students who are feeling stressed and working to tight deadlines are more likely to use Gen AI in an academically dishonest way, leading to procrastination and reduced academic performance (Abbas et al.).

As a principled learner, you should always use AI ethically and responsibly. Whenever a teacher gives you an assignment, they will give you clear guidelines about how you may use AI to complete the assignment. Some assignments may allow the use of AI, and some may not. When submitting work, always cite any AI-generated content that you have used using MLA, just as you would with any other sources. Failing to do so goes against VSA's Academic Honesty Policy, and may have serious consequences.

If a teacher has allowed you to use AI tools when completing an assessment, you must also

  • Include in-text citations and references as needed.

For some assignments, your teacher may also require that you include an appendix describing what AI tools you have used and for what purposes. They may also require additional information to be included, for example, screenshots and prompts.

Fig. 1. "Robot Tutor".

Work Cited

Abbas, Muhammad, et al. “Is It Harmful or Helpful? Examining the Causes and Consequences of Generative AI Usage among University Students.” International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, vol. 21, no. 1, 1 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-024-00444-7. Accessed 14 May 2024.

"Robot Tutor, Dramatic Lighting” prompt. Midjourney, version 4, 28 Mar. 2023, www.midjourney.com.

Useful Links

  • MLA Practice Template (official)

  • IB Documentation Checklist

  • IB Citing & Referencing Glossary

  • Sample MLA Essays (from the MLA Style Center)

What could possibly go wrong?

Limitations of AI

When using generative AI, you need to be aware of possible bias, inaccuracy, and hallucinations.

  • Use your critical thinking skills to detect and question bias

  • Use your information literacy skills and lateral reading to verify accuracy

  • Use credible sources instead of quoting or paraphrasing text generated by AI

Hallucinations

A hallucination is an output generated by a generative AI that is not grounded in reality. It is important to fact check any outputs produced generative AI.

Writing a book review

How to Write a Book Review

Want your review read? Try some of these tips:

  • Finish the book!: It seems obvious, but you want to have a complete picture of the story before writing your review.

  • Let it simmer: Give yourself a little time after finishing the book to let your thoughts settle. Sometimes your initial feelings can change over a day or two.

  • Proofread: Nothing ruins a great review like typos and mistakes.

  • A little personality: Don't be afraid to let your own voice shine through. Did the book make you laugh? Say that!

How should I structure my book review?

1: The Hook

Grab the reader's attention with a strong opening:

  • A thought-provoking question. ("Would you save someone who destroyed your life?")

  • A relatable statement about the book. ("We've all felt like an outsider at some point...")

  • A short impactful quote from the book itself.

2: No-Spoiler Summary

Briefly describe what the book's about without giving away major plot points. Focus on the book's setting, genre, main character, and the central problem they're facing.

3: Your Honest Reaction

This is the heart of the review! Did you love it? Why?

  • Focus on specifics: Don't just say "The characters were great." Why were they great? Did they feel real? Were they funny? Complex?

  • It's okay to be critical: If you didn't like something, explain why. BUT if you're going to rate the book less than 3 stars, choose a different book to review!

  • Use examples: A quick quote from the book can back up what you're saying.

4: Who Would Like This Book?

Consider:

  • Fans of specific authors or genres. ("If you liked The Hunger Games, you'll probably enjoy this…")

  • Particular year groups

  • People with a particular interest

  • Readers looking for a particular mood. ("Perfect for a cozy weekend read.")

Here's an example (remove the section headings in your version):

Spy School by Stuart Gibbs

  1. Hook: Imagine if your clumsy, totally normal life suddenly turned into a James Bond movie. That's Ben Ripley's reality in the Spy School series!

  2. No-Spoiler Summary: Ben's an average kid until he's mistaken for a genius and thrown into a secret CIA academy. There's gadgets, villains, action-packed missions, and a whole lot of Ben just trying to keep up.

  3. Honest Reaction: These books are total popcorn fun - fast, hilarious, and impossible to put down. Ben's the perfect underdog hero, always getting into ridiculous situations. Plus, there are just enough twists to keep you guessing.

  4. Who Would Like This Book?: If you love action movies, a side of awkward humor, and stories where the stakes are ridiculously high, Spy School is for you.

You don't have to follow the above structure! Another good option is a listicle review; e.g. "5 Reasons Why I Loved This Book".

When your review is finished, follow the instructions below to add the review to Destiny Discover.

Add your Book Review to Destiny Discover

1. Login

2. Sign in with Google

3. Find the book you want to review and click 'View More Details'

4. Add your Review and give it a Star Rating

5. Send me a message to fast-track your review's approval

JSTOR

Recommended for Year 10 and DP Students.

What is JSTOR?

The most advanced database in the VSA eLibrary. Millions of , books, and primary sources in many disciplines.

Introduction to searching on JSTOR

The search bar on any page allows you to get started quickly and then refine your searches in the sidebar. After searching in JSTOR, you can look at the highlighted words in the brief snippets below each result and consider refining your search terms. You can also narrow and refine your searches by using the options available in the sidebar. Consider refining by discipline, date, content type, and by searching within your results.

JSTOR isn't Google: Quick Tips on Searching JSTOR

Advanced Users

Narrow your Search by Discipline

Use to narrow to your topic by discipline.

Text Analyzer

Learn More

Complete a to become an advanced JSTOR user.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing Guide

How to avoid plagiarism

  • Decide on keywords to use for research.

  • Choose the best place to look for information e.g. Britannica, the Library, Google.

  • Skim read results pages and find sources with information relevant to your research.

  • Paraphrase the relevant information from each source into your notes doc and add a url for each source.

  • If copying and pasting useful material to quote later, use “colour and quotes” to identify it as copied.

  • Add paraphrased material into assignment and add it to MyBib so that you can later add it to your Works Cited page.

How to paraphrase in 5 easy steps

  1. Read the text that you are paraphrasing carefully until you really understand it. You might need to reread several times

  2. Are there any words e.g.nouns you can’t change?

  3. Try and remember the text without looking at it. Close the tab in your browser or switch to another tab. Don’t switch back to the original until you have finished.

  4. Paraphrase the text aloud with a partner if possible, or imagine doing this. Use your own words, like telling a story. Write your paraphrase down in your notes with a reference or URL so that you can find it again later.

  5. Check your paraphrase with the original text. Is the meaning the same?

Plagiarism

Source: , Episode 2, 2013

6 R’s of Paraphrasing

  • Read & Reread

  • Rethink

  • Restate

  • Rearrange

  • Reword

  • Review

How to plagiarise (Don’t do this!)

Do you do this? Have you ever done this before, or have you done some of these things? Be honest!

  • Copy and paste assignment question into Google

  • Click on the first link on the results page (usually wikipedia)

  • Copy and paste useful paragraphs to a Google Doc that you call “Notes”

  • Copy some useful paragraphs to final assignment document

  • Change a few words to synonyms

  • Make a Works Cited page with some websites that look good and hand it in

Paraphrasing toolkit

Use these techniques to paraphrase more complicated technical texts.

  • Combine sentences.

  • Remove details that are not relevant.

  • Change sentence structure.

  • Change voice.

  • Use different forms of a word.

  • Use synonyms. Note that only replacing a few words for synonyms is not paraphrasing.

Digital Theatre +

For Theatre and Literature students, and anyone with an interest in theatre.

Featured Content

With unlimited access to thousands of full-length productions and interviews, authoritative, peer-reviewed resources on key practitioners, and available to access at school and remotely, is a valuable tool to help you excel in your studies and prepare for a future career in the arts.

Digital Theatre+ isn’t just the perfect tool for studying Theatre – it also has a multitude of benefits to support wellbeing. As well as entertaining audiences and providing a form of escapism, theatre has the power to spark the imagination, encourage self-expression, boost confidence and develop key relationship skills.

Introductory Guide

Key Terms

English Term

Chinese term

Definition

Paraphrasing

改述, 改寫

Rewriting someone else’s words or ideas in your own words.

Plagiarism

剽竊, 抄襲

Copying someone else’s words or ideas without acknowledging them.

Sources & References

參考文獻

A source is any place you get information from (website, book, person); a reference is how you list a source in a bibliography or works cited page. You should write all your references in MLA format.

Works Cited page

引用文獻

A list of references for all the sources that you have used in your assignment.

Documentation

Summary

Quotation

Style guide

Source

來源

Citation

Reference

Academic honesty

学术诚实

Acceptable Use of AI

Handing in work you have completed with AI, without acknowledging that you have used an AI is academically dishonest.

Your teachers want to know which ideas are your own, and what words are your own, so that they can help you grow as a learner.

Pretending that work that AI has helped you to complete without letting your teacher know will mean that they will not be able to help you develop as a learner.

The examples below will depend on what your teacher has advised you, and will vary from assignment to assignment.

Acceptable (when allowed by your teacher)

Unacceptable

Brainstorming lines of inquiry that you had not previously considered

Generating text, images, video or music and pretending that it is your own work

Feedback / explaining errors

Writing an entire essay and pretending that it is your own work

Editing

Paraphrasing

Acting as your personal subject or language tutor

Using AI tools to improve language and grammar in language acquistion subjects

Doing some preliminary research on a new topic

Translating an essay when completing a bilingual diploma

Generating practice quizzes or flashcards to help you prepare for exams

Create flashcards

Summarising a long article

Helping to explain difficult concepts

Creating a study guide

Responsible Use

  • Avoid sharing any personal or private information when using AI tools

  • VSA's Responsible Use Policy prohibits the use of VPNs at school, which are currently required to access ChatGPT

  • Respect the terms of use when signing up for AI tools. OpenAI's Terms of Use for ChatGPT state that "you must be at least 18 years old or have your parent or legal guardian’s permission to use the Services".

Documenting your Use of AI

Your teacher may ask you to demonstrate how you have used AI in your work, and they may ask you to record this in a process journal. Make sure you note what sites and prompts you have used, bookmark useful websites, and take screenshots as necessary.

AI Research Tools

See this page for more information.

VSA AI Traffic Light Guide
Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult BookWikipedia
academic journal articles
Find out more about citing from JSTOR.
Advanced Search
Browse and Search by Subject
Language & Literature
Architecture & Architectural History
Art & Art History
Performing Arts
Music
Psychology
Business
Economics
Geography
History
Mathematics
Biological Sciences
Chemistry
Physics
Computer Science
short free course
How to use JSTOR
Refining your Search
Narrow by Discipline
Text Analyzer
My Love from the Star
Digital Theatre+
Cover

Cover

Cover

Banned Books Week
Banned & Challenged Books
The 100 Best Books of the 21st CenturyThe New York Times

PressReader

With over 7,000 publications from over 100 countries in 60+ languages including Chinese, French & Spanish

Important Update: Google sign-in is no longer available for off-site access. Please create a password and use this instead.

No login is required while at school, but you need to .

Quick links: | | |

is the leading digital newspaper and magazine provider for premium content. Explore titles such as , , ,,,,,, , ,,,,, ,,,,, ,,, and much more from all over the world.

When you access PressReader at school, you should see this message that indicates you have access via the VSA PressReader hotspot.


How to create a new account

1. Visit

2. Click Sign Up

4. Enter your school email, and a new password. Enter your initials, and leave everything else unticked. Click 'Create my account'.

6. Activate your account by clicking on the link in the confirmation email.

7. Read Magazines!


How to reactivate your account from home

Go to

  1. Log in with your username and password

  2. Go to the

  1. Under Social and Linked networks >> Library or Group, click manage

  1. Click unlink Account

  1. Click link Account

  1. Search for Victoria Shanghai, and click the first link if you are a student, and the second link if you are a teacher:

  1. Enter your school email address

  1. Click on the link in the email you have been sent. This will reactivate your account for 1 month.

How can I cite an article I found on PressReader?

Citing AI

If you use AI you need to cite it. Make sure you are . Submitting AI-generated work and pretending it is your own goes against VSA's Academic Honesty Policy. Remember to be aware of issues like , and use instead of AI when possible.

How can I cite a chatbot?

To cite a chatbot, you need to know:

  • Your prompt (use the prompt in “quotation marks” as the title)

  • Website name (formatted in italics, e.g. Poe)

  • Bot/Model name (e.g. StableDiffusionXL for images, ChatGPT, Claude-2-100k for text; don't use italics for this)

  • The date you used the AI

  • Public URL (created using the share button)

In your works cited list it will look like this:

"". Website Name, AI Model. Date you used the AI, Public URL.

How can I cite Poe?

In your works cited list a conversation with Poe will look like this:

. , . ,.

Share a link to the conversation in Poe, don’t copy and paste the URL from the browser address bar. If you click on this link [] you can see that it is a public URL that anyone can view, with the prompt included.

How can I create a public URL that anyone can view?

How can I cite Perplexity?

It's better to click through to the original source and cite this where possible.

The original sources are shown by the numbers in circles in Perplexity's reply. They link to the websites that Perplexity has summarised to give you an answer.

If you still want to cite Perplexity rather than the original sources it has used, you can use this format:

"Who is Louis Cha?". Perplexity. 17 Mar. 2024,.

You can get the public URL by clicking the share button, selecting shareable, and then clicking "Copy Link":

How can I cite Flint?

General Guidelines

Click "Share session" to get a link to your session:

You can then use the following format to create a works cited entry:

"Activity Name." Flint, Session URL. Accessed Date.

For example:

"Mr Wright's Physics IA Research Question Development." Flint, app.flintk12.com/activity/physics-ia-rese-3b1ff8/session/42de0982. Accessed 13 Mar. 2025.

The in-text citation for the above source can be abbreviated to: ("Mr Wright's Physics IA").

For Formal Assesment

If you are submitting your work for assessment by the IB, the URL should be give as www.flintk12.com, and any personal names and the name of the school need to be removed. You should also include a

Start by naming your session; you can name it yourself, or click "Auto-name" to automatically generate a name:

You can then use the following format to create a works cited entry:

"Session name." Flint, URL. Accessed Date.

For example:

"Learning Physics with CERN Data." Flint, www.flintk12.com. Accessed 13 Mar. 2025.

The in-text citation for the above source can be abbreviated to: ("Learning Physics").

Should I list the AI tool as an author?

When citing AI tools using MLA, you should not use the AI as the author. Leave the author blank, and start the reference with the prompt or description of the conversation.

Do I need to include an accessed date?

No accessed date is needed, as long as you include the date you prompted the AI.

FAQ

How do I cite multiple works by the same author?

If you are citing multiple works by the same author, identify which source you are citing from by including a comma after the author’s name, followed by the title (or a shortened version of the title) e.g. (Austen, Pride ).

Where should I put my in-text citations?

In-text citations should usually be placed at the end of a sentence.

Manga scholar Mike Hill notes that "the influence of Disney can be seen in the character designs and storytelling techniques used in many manga" (34).

If you quote or paraphrase from two different pages in the same source you can include these in one in-text citation, separated by a colon:

In the period from 1979 to 1999, Hong Kong's film production averaged 133 films annually, while the mainland made less than 100 films per year in the 1980s (127; 134).

If you quote or paraphrase from different sources in one sentence, you can also include these in one in-text citation, separated by a colon:

In a recent study, it was found that "music can have a positive impact on memory recall" and this has been subsequently backed up by research (Green 67; Wang 89).

If you quote or paraphrase from different sources in one sentence, you can place the in-text citation directly after the quotations if needed to link the quotation more clearly to the correct source. You can also do this to clearly distinguish your ideas from those of others.

According to Yip, video game arcades were a common sight in the city (45), while Mak makes the point that "people of all ages were flocking to arcades" (211).

Where can I can include the original publication date of a work?

MLA allows for to be included, such as the date of original publication. This should be included after the title and preceded by a full-stop.

How do I cite an author’s name if I only know the initials?

In some situations it may be acceptable to cite an author using their initials onlt.

See also MLA Style Guide and .

How do I cite multiple quotes from the same source in the same paragraph?

These should be separated by a comma, or a hyphen for consecutive pages e.g

(Camus 45, 56, 88-89)

How do I cite multiple quotes from the same source in the same paragraph?

These should be separated by a comma, or a hyphen for consecutive pages e.g

(Camus 45, 56, 88-89)

What should I do if I can't find an author for a source?

Is it acceptable to use an organisation name as an author?

Don't use the organisation name as the author if you're citing a dictionary or encyclopedia.

It is stated in the MLA Handbook that, “When a work is published by an organization that is also its author, begin the entry with the title, skipping the author element, and list the organization only as publisher” (25).

But when the author of a work is a division or committee of the organization, list the division or committee as the author, and list the organization as the publisher

Don't reverse the name for organisations e.g.

correct: United Nations

incorrect: Nations, United.

You can abbreviate the name of an organisation if you use it multiple times. Spell it out the first time you use it.

Organisation names in in-text citations can be abbreviated to the first noun phrase e.g.

Potato Society of Guernsey >>> Potato Society

I'm writing my extended essay in Spanish. Should I still use MLA?

Yes. The only major difference is that you should label your works cited list:

Obras Citadas

Should I cite a summary generated by Google’s AI Overviews feature like a source?

No, you should click through to one of the sources and see if you can use that source instead. See the for more information.

Use the organisation as the author
Leave out the author and start the reference with the article title

In-text Citations

Introduction

Whenever you paraphrase, quote or use information or ideas from a source, you need to include an in-text citation so that anyone reading your work can easily find the original source of the information.

Use in-text citatations to

  • give credit to the authors of the sources you have used.

  • increase the credibility of your argument

  • avoid plagiarism

The Basics

MyBib Guide

You can use MyBib to find what your in-text citation​ should include, but this will only work if you have added the correct author's name.

MyBib Tip

MyBib will suggest the in-text citations for your sources, but these will only be correct if you have included the correct author and article title in your reference.

Expert Tips

  • Your in-text citation will always be either the last name of the author, or the name of the article (in quotation marks).

  • Your in-text citations will never be a website name

  • Your in-text citations should never be in italics

  • You should not use a URL inside an in-text citation

  • Full-stop should appear after the in-text citation (after the last bracket).

Multiple Sources by the Same Author

If you are citing multiple works by the same author, identify which source you are citing from by including a comma after the author’s name, followed by the title (or a shortened version of the title) e.g. (Austen, Pride ).

Co-Authors

For 2 authors, list both authors in the in-text citation:

e.g. (Lin and Lan)

Work Cited

Lin, Tsun-Ju, and Yu-Ju Lan. “Language Learning in Virtual Reality Environments: Past, Present, and Future.” Journal of Educational Technology & Society, vol. 18, no. 4, 2015, pp. 486–497. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.18.4.486.

For 3 or more authors, list the the first authorfollowedd by et al.:

e.g. (Yang et al.)

Work Cited

Yang, Fumeng, et al. “A Virtual Reality Memory Palace Variant Aids Knowledge Retrieval from Scholarly Articles.” IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 2020, pp. 1–1, 10.1109/tvcg.2020.3009003. Accessed 4 Mar. 2021.

  • MLA does not use footnotes.

  • An in-text citation points to the text at the beginning of a works cited entry (author or “article title”)

  • When you're citing a book or a journal article, you should always include the number of the page in the original source that contains the quote or information that you are referring to.

  • Punctuation such as a full-stop should appear after the brackets of the citation, not inside the previous sentence or quote:

This example is incorrect:

" ... without considering the forces that cause them to move." (Whittaker)

This example is correct:

" ... without considering the forces that cause them to move” (Whittaker).

Where should I put my in-text citations?

In-text citations should usually be placed at the end of a sentence.

Manga scholar Mike Hill notes that "the influence of Disney can be seen in the character designs and storytelling techniques used in many manga" (34).

If you quote or paraphrase from two different pages in the same source you can include these in one in-text citation, separated by a colon:

In the period from 1979 to 1999, Hong Kong's film production averaged 133 films annually, while the mainland made less than 100 films per year in the 1980s (127; 134).

If you quote or paraphrase from different sources in one sentence, you can also include these in one in-text citation, separated by a colon:

In a recent study, it was found that "music can have a positive impact on memory recall" and this has been subsequently backed up by research (Green 67; Wang 89).

If you quote or paraphrase from different sources in one sentence, you can place the in-text citation directly after the quotations if needed to link the quotation more clearly to the correct source. You can also do this to clearly distinguish your ideas from those of others.

According to Yip, video game arcades were a common sight in the city (45), while Mak makes the point that "people of all ages were flocking to arcades" (211).

Advanced MLA

Citing an Academic Journal (Click on the text for more information)

. Psychological Inquiry, vol. 18, no. 4, 2007, pp. 255–258 . JSTOR, ww.jstor.org/stable/20447394. Accessed 22 Aug. 2022.


How do I cite a film?

The basic format for a film is as follows:

Title. Directed by First name Last name of director, Distributor, Release date.

For example:

Infernal Affairs. Directed by Andrew Lau and Alan Mak, Media Asia Films, 1992.

If you discuss the directors of the film directly in your work, list the directors at the beginning of the works cited entry:

Lau, Andrew, and Alan Mak, directors. Infernal Affairs. Media Asia Films, 1992.

You may also want to include other contributors, depending on what aspects of the film you are discussing in your writing.

Infernal Affairs. Directed by Andrew Lau and Alan Mak, performance by Andy Lau and Tony Leung, Media Asia Films, 1992.

Some other common contribution details might include: Adapted by, Directed by, Edited by, Illustrated by, Performance by, Translated by, Created by.

If you need to cite a particular version of a film you can do this as follows:

Lucas, George, director. Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope. 1977. Special edition, Lucasfilm, 1997.

Cite dialogue using quotes or block quotes as needed. If using block quotes, include the characters' names and indent second and subsequent lines of dialogue by the same character slightly further than the 1.25cm required by the block quote.

When citing audio or video works, give the time or time range in the in-text citation, in hours, minutes, and seconds, separated by a colon e.g. (Infernal Affairs 01:16:34-38), (“Life Hacks I Learnt from Youtube” 00:5:34-38).


How do I cite a screenshot?

See also on the MLA Style Center.

While Bresson makes repeated use of hands to convey meaning, Clair uses feet (see fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Still from "And Then There Were None (1945)" (Clair 21:31).


How do I cite an interview?

Use this format for any interview you conduct yourself:

Interviewee(s) Last Name, First name. Interview with the author. Day Month Year of interview.

For example:

Chomsky, Noam. Interview with the author. 11 July 2017.

For an interview that has been published online, use the name of the interviewee as the author, and the title of the interview as the title if published (in “quotation marks”), otherwise describe it as in the example below (without any formatting):

Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 25 Apr. 2009, www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-online/news/detail/1056940-skewed-%2526-reviewed-interviews-craig. Accessed 15 May. 2023.


How do I cite a video game?

Title of Game. Game developer’s name, date of release. Platform.

For example:

PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds. PUBG Corporation, 2017. Android game.

If you wish to discuss the role of a particular contributor, use this format:

PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds. Directed by Brendan Greene, PUBG Corporation, 2017. Android game.

Visit the for more examples.


How do cite an annual report?

2024 NVIDIA Corporation Annual Review. NVIDIA, 2024, s201.q4cdn.com/141608511/files/doc_financials/2024/ar/NVIDIA-2024-Annual-Report.pdf. Accessed 28 Nov. 2024.

You don't need to list an author if no invidual author is give; just start with the name of the report. You can omit the website name and incldue the company name as the publisher, but leave out any words like: . You can also leave out words like "the" at the beginning of the company name. Company names don't need to be italicised (though website names do).

See also at the MLA Style Center.


Works Cited

Clair, René. “And Then There Were None (1945).” YouTube, uploaded by Public Domain Films, 16 Aug. 2021, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydCqPEoQ-jI. Accessed 2 Sept. 2022.

eLibrary

The VSA eLibrary offers an extensive collection of databases, newspapers, magazines, eBooks and other online materials.

Click on the images below to access the resources, or click on the resource names for more information. 🔓.

A Report Written and Published by Different Corporate Entities

Company report

A Report with One or More Authors

New Agency Report e.g. Reuters

Band Name

Dictionary

Government

Encyclopedia (e.g. Wikipedia or Britannica)

YouTube Channel

An article from the Economist

optional elements
here
here
MLA Style Center
using AI ethically
hallucination and bias
reliable websites
poe.com/s/AdtEREDku86PE8rUSHCO
www.perplexity.ai/search/who-is-louis-qcPoWLkkTRWgN2U5yBwGHQ
statement acknowledging your use of AI.
Click the share button.
Choose "Your chat" and select all the relevant messages.
Click through to the original sources

ATLs

These are some of the most important ATLs when conduting research:

Information Literacy
資訊素養技能

Construct a bibliography

按照公認的慣 例建立參考資料目錄

Make connections between information

在各種資訊源之間建立聯系

Create references and citations

創建參考資料和引文索引,使用尾注

Present information in different forms

以各種不同形式和平臺介紹信息

Media Literacy
媒體素養技能

Use information from a variety of sources

通過各種來源和媒體查找、組織、分析、評價、綜合並合乎倫理地利用資訊

Compare media resources

對(多種)媒體資源進行比較和對照

Demonstrate an awareness of media interpretations

展示出對媒體(包括數碼社交媒體)詮釋事件與思想觀點的

認識

Draw connections between media sources

在媒體資源之間建立聯繫

Seek a range of perspectives

從多種並且不同的來源尋求一系列的觀點

Communicate using a variety of media

運用各種不同的媒體和形式,有效地向多種多樣的受眾傳達資訊與思想觀點

Comunication
交流技能

Structure information in summaries and essays

在綜述、論文和報告中組織資訊

Paraphrase accurately

和簡明地釋義

Read a variety of sources

閱讀各種不同的資源以獲取資訊和樂趣

Organisation

組織技能

Keep an organised system for notes

保持有條理和有邏輯性的資訊文檔系統/筆記本

Critical Thinking

批判性思考技能

Formulate an argument using relevant information

收集與組織相關信息,以便確切闡述論點

Consider ideas from multiple perspectives

從多種視角思考觀點

Evaluate evidence and arguments

評價證據及論據

Draw reasonable conclusions

做出合理的結論和概括

Recognise assumptions and bias

認識到未公開說明的假設與偏見

LInk to document
Gale
Clarkesworld Magazine - Science Fiction & FantasyClarkesworld Magazine
The Year Without Sunshine - Uncanny MagazineUncanny Magazine
Folding Beijing - Uncanny MagazineUncanny Magazine
Dozens of UK school librarians asked to remove LGBTQ+ books, survey findsThe Guardian
HomeBanned Books Week
Utah outlaws books by Judy Blume and Sarah J Maas in first statewide banThe Guardian
Logo
Logo
Stephen King, Sarah Jessica Parker and More Share Their Top Books of the 21st CenturyThe New York Times
The Top 10 detective novels, picked by Robin Stevens
Category List – Best Young AdultEdgar® Awards Info & Database
Category List – Best JuvenileEdgar® Awards Info & Database
Lighting Guide
How to use emotions
Antigone
create an account to get access from home
English
Chinese
French
Spanish
PressReader
Time
The Washington Post
The Guardian
The Guardian Weekly
The Globe & Mail
China Daily,
信報
天下
Straits Times
Newsweek
Forbes
Geographical,
How it Works
Smithsonian
Cosmos
MacWorld
Top Gear
BBC Wildlife,
BBC Good Food
BBC History
BBC Music
BBC Science Focus
Stuff,
T3
Total Film
Marie Claire
National Geographic Traveller
PressReader
www.pressreader.com
my acccount page
Check out this guide on citing from PressReader
VSA PressReader Hotspot
How do I cite a screenshot or frame capture in a caption and in my works-cited list?
MLA Style guide
Company (Co.), Corporation (Corp.), Incorporated (Inc.), or Limited (Ltd.)
How do I cite a company’s report?
Passwords for remote access here
Cover

Newspapers
Cover

Newspapers
Cover

NewspapersMagazines
Cover

eBooks
Cover

Academic Journals
Cover

Academic Journals
Cover

Newspapers
Cover

Data
Cover

Magazines
Cover

Video
Cover

Academic Journals
Cover

Search
Cover

SearchAI
Cover

SearchAI
Folding Beijing - Uncanny MagazineUncanny Magazine
‘A machine-shaped hand’: Read a story from OpenAI’s new creative writing modelThe Guardian

Tables and Charts

Introduction

  • Whenever you use other people's words, ideas, images or data you need to provide a source. If you don't provide a source you are claiming that the work is completely your own. Failing to acknowledge the sources of data in tables and figures may be considered to be plagiarism or academic dishonesty.

  • All tables and figures need both a label and a number (e.g. Table 1, Fig. 2), a caption (with an in-text citation), and a reference for the full source in your works cited list (unless you have created the data yourself).

  • Don't include tables figures for decorative purposes in an academic report or essay. If you includes tables or figures, they should be there to support your argument.

  • Tables and figures should be placed as close to the relevant part of the text as possible. If you refer to them in your text (e.g. see fig. 1, see table 2), then the table or figure shold be appear as close as possible to this.

  • Try to create your own tables and figures rather than using screenshots taken from sources.

  • If you do reproduce a table directly, use the word "Source:" in your caption and include enough information about the source to allow the reader to easiliy find the complete citation in your works cited list.

  • Use the phrase "Adapted from:" if you have made significant changes to the original.

Tables in MLA

Tables use rows and columns to display data. Format tables that use data from a source in the following manner:

Table 1

Most Popular Influencers on Douyin

Infuencer
Number of Fans (Millions)

Adapted from "Number of Fans of the Leading Influencers on Douyin”.

Include an in-text citation in your caption to allow the reader to find it in your works cited list. In the above example there is no author, so the title would be used in the in-text citation, and there is no need to repeat the title of this source as it has been used as the description in the caption. You also need to include the full reference for the source in your works cited list.

"Number of Fans of the Leading Influencers on Douyin (Tiktok) in China as of May 13, 2022 (in Millions)." Statista, 13 May 2022, www.statista.com/statistics/1227126/china-most-followed-influencers-on-douyin-chinese-tiktok. Accessed 13 May 2022.

If you have generated the data yourself, there is no need to cite a source (unless there is any ambiguity).

Table 2

Books Borrowed from VSA Secondary Library in April 2022, by genre

Genre
Checkouts

If you need to include a note for your table, use lowercase letters:

Table 3

Books Borrowed from VSA Secondary Library in March 2022, by Genre

Genre
Checkouts

a. Including YA Fantasy

Other notes about using tables:

  • If you have created the table yourself with your own data, you do not need to include any source information below the table, though you should make sure it is clear in your writing that you have done the research yourself.

  • Each table should be labelled “Table” (with a capital T) followed by a number (arabic numeral) in sequence e.g. Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 …

  • When referring to the table in your writing use a lowercase t e.g. (see table 1).

  • No fullstop is required at the end of the table title.

  • Capitalise table titles in the same way as titles in your works cited list.

Figures in MLA

  • In MLA any illustration or data that is not presented in columns and rows is called a figure.

  • Figures include charts, diagrams, graphs, maps, photos or any artworks.

  • All figures require a caption, which should be placed below the image and precede by Fig. 1 for the first image in your work, Fig. 2 for the second, and so on.

  • Note: In the MLA handbook figures are also referred to as illustrations.

Fig. 1. Adapted from "Distribution of Bitcoin Mining Hashrate from September 2019 to January 2022, by Country" (Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance).

Include an in-text citation in your caption to allow the reader to find it in your works cited list. You also need to include the full reference for the source in your works cited list.

Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance. "Distribution of Bitcoin Mining Hashrate from September 2019 to January 2022, by Country." Statista, 17 May 2022, www.statista.com/statistics/1200477/bitcoin-mining-by-country. Accessed 23 May 2022.

You can refer to a figure in your writing like this:

... an exodus of bitcoin miners from China to Kazakhstan (see fig. 1).

Quotations

When should I use a quotation instead of paraphrasing?

In general is is a good idea to paraphrase rather than quote, as this makes it easier to express your own thoughts and ideas regarding the source material you are discussing. Use quotes sparingly, and avoid using them as a way to bump up your word count.

You might want to consider using quotes when:

  • a unique term or phrase is used

  • you are providing a definition

  • you are discussing the specific language used in the source, rather than the content

  • you might alter the meaning of the original source significantly by paraphrasing it

  • the source material is already famous as a quote

Signal phrases

Quotations should not appear by themselves, but should rather be incorporated into a sentence by using a signal phrase such as:

“According to X”, “Y states that … ”, “Z observes that ...”.

More Signal Phrases Here

Indirect quotes

You can use a source that has been cited by another author if you need to, but it is best to try and find the original source if possible. If you are not able to find the original source use the abbreviation qtd. in (“quoted in”).

According to Green (qtd. in Matheson 132), the degree of …..

Expert tips

The MLA Handbook advises that “when a quotation is directly followed by a parenthetical citation … any required comma or period follows the citation” (88).

Other Links

Using quotations from literature

While you may need to include quotes more often that in other subjects, make sure that you:

  • avoid using block quotes unless absolutely needed e.g. you are closely analysing the language used in the entire quote.

  • avoid padding out your word limit with long block quotations, which will mean that you will struggle to make a strong argument within the word limit.

  • don't use quotes to just summarise the narrative.

  • only use quotes when needed to directly support your argument.

Present your argument and analysis of the text, support it with evidence in the form of a paraphrase or quote if needed, and then discuss how this evidence supports your argument and analysis.

Block quotes

If a quotation is not longer than four lines, you should “put it in quotation marks and incorporate it into the text” (75). When quoting a block of text that is longer than four lines, you should indent the quote by 1.25cm. This is known as a block quote. When using a block quote you do not need to include quotation marks.

For example, if you were to include the following long quote from 1984, you would format it as follows (note the in-text citation appears after the full-stop) :

So completely did they dwarf the surrounding architecture that from the roof of Victory Mansions you could see all four of them simultaneously. They were the homes of the four Ministries between which the entire apparatus of government was divided. The Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts. The Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war. The Ministry of Love, which maintained law and order. And the Ministry of Plenty, which was responsible for economic affairs. Their names, in Newspeak: Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, and Miniplenty. (Orwell 10)

Editing quotes

Ellipsis and Other Alterations

Whenever you alter a quotation by removing words, use an ellipsis to indicate that words have been omitted. This indicated in your writing by 3 periods, preceded and followed by a space ( … ).

If you need to alter a quote by inserting text, indicate this using [square brackets].

Works Cited

MLA Handbook. Modern Language Association Of America, 2021.

Orwell, George. 1984. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013.

Free eBooks

Public domain eBooks are books for which copyrights have expired or are not applicable, allowing for free public access and distribution.

Public Domain Books

Top Public Domain Books

  • Nineteen eighty-four by George Orwell ------

  • Animal Farm by George Orwell -- ----

  • The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath

Google Scholar
New York Times
South China Morning Post
PressReader
Sora
JSTOR
CNKI
Financial Times
Statista
Hachette Learning
Digital Theatre +
Databases at Hong Kong Public Library
Google Scholar
Perplexity
Consensus
Standard eBooks
Project Gutenberg eBooks
Text
HTML
EPUB
MOBI
Text
HTML
EPUB
MOBI
How do I punctuate quoted dialogue from a novel?
If I use a quotation that is already in quotation marks in my source, how many quotation marks should I use?
How do I format a quotation of song lyrics?
How to Avoid Bracketed Changes in Quotations
Writing Academically [Hull University]
Quotations [UNC]
Using Literary Quotations

Golden Dragon Book Awards

Hong Kong Book Awards for International-minded Young People

The only children's choice book award in Hong Kong is now in its 7th year. The Awards are an opportunity for students of all ages in Hong Kong to vote on their favourite books. The books are nominated by schools across Hong Kong and the short list is selected by a panel of librarians from both primary and secondary schools. Books are chosen for their broad appeal, subject matter, design and international representation.

Older Readers (11 to 15 years)

Mature Readers (15 to 18 Years)

Logo
Logo
Logo

Newspapers & Magazines

Yang Ge (Crazy Xiaoyangge)

65.34

Ares Cheng

51.01

Chen Xiang

49.14

Li Ziqi

47.31

Sun Hongliang (Monkey Bro)

38.80

Young Adult

84

YA Mystery & Thriller

78

Light Novels

26

Manga

25

Horror

14

Fantasy

142

Science Fiction

73

How do I cite raw data from a survey or poll I created? How do I cite published data?
How do I indicate that the data in a table I have created come from several sources?
Little Free Library - ReactorReactor
Logo
43 of the Most Iconic Short Stories in the English LanguageLiterary Hub
Bite-sized: 50 great short stories, chosen by Hilary Mantel, George Saunders and moreThe Guardian
‘A machine-shaped hand’: Read a story from OpenAI’s new creative writing modelThe Guardian
One Teen StoryOne Story
“Cat Person”The New Yorker
Climate Change Fiction Booksgoodreads
Destiny Discover Collections
The experts: librarians on 20 easy, enjoyable ways to read more brilliant booksThe Guardian

Summer Reading Bingo 24-25

Enter for a chance to win candy, chocolate, and book vouchers! Prize winners will be decided in a raffle. One completed bingo row (horizontal, vertical, or diagonal) = one raffle ticket.

You can only use a book for one bingo square; no reusing books. No rereading, you must choose books you’ve never read before. The competition starts on June 23rd, and the submission deadline is on the first and second day after the holiday. Each book must be started AFTER June 23rd.

Try to read for at least 30 minutes every day. You will need to spend more time reading to complete the whole card though!

Images

  • Whenever you use other people's images you need to provide a source.

  • Include the image as close as possible to where it has been referred to in the text.

  • Include a caption below each image with an in-text citation. Include the full reference on your works cited page.

  • Make sure there you provide enough information so that anyone reading your work can easily find the original image that you have used.

  • Include the image as close as possible to where it has been referred to in the text. Don’t cite a google image search as a source, click through to the web page linked to in the search results. If you are publishing your work on a website where people outside VSA can see it, make you use Creative Commons or public domain images to avoid copyright infringements

  • Don't include images for decorative purposes in and academic report or essay. If you includes images, they should be there to support your argument.

  • If you've forgotten where you found an image, use[click the camera icon to upload an image] or google lens to find it again.

  • Don’t cite a google image search as a source, click through to the web page linked to in the search results.

  • If you are publishing your work on a website where people outside VSA can see it, make you use or public domain images to avoid copyright infringements.

  • Captions should end with a fullstop after the in-text citation.

When do I use italics and quotation marks in a caption?

This formatting applies to the title as it appears in both the works cited entry and as it appears below the caption.

Citing an artwork from a website

Fig. 1. Lozenge Composition with Yellow, Black, Blue, Red, and Gray (Mondrian).


Works Cited

Mondrian, Piet. Lozenge Composition with Yellow, Black, Blue, Red, and Gray. 1921. The Art Institute of Chicago, www.artic.edu/artworks/109819/lozenge-composition-with-yellow-black-blue-red-and-gray. Accessed 20 Aug. 2022.

Citing an image that you have edited

You can use a phrase like "adapted from" in the caption to show that you have made changes to the original image. In this case, the original black and white photograph has been colourised.

Fig. 2. Adapted from Air Raid Precautions in Hong Kong, 1941 (Palmer).


Works Cited

Palmer, Fred. Air Raid Precautions in Hong Kong, 1941. Imperial War Museums, www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205206687. Accessed 18 Aug. 2022.

Getty Images

Getty Images allow some of their images to embedded on websites, but you need to give credit to Getty Images and use the embed code they provide.


Works Cited

TONNAJA. Zhangye Danxia National Geopark, Gansu, China. Getty Images, 2019. www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/photo/zhangye-danxia-national-geopark-gansu-china-royalty-free-image/1164560768. Accessed 30 Aug. 2022.

Citing an image from a website

When you are use an image from a website, include a reference for the website where you found the image in your works cited list and an in-text citaton in the caption to link to the reference.

Remember, if you are publishing your image on a website you should use creative commons public domain images. This photograph image of Elvis meeting Nixon below is one of the most famous public domain images in the U.S. National Archives.

Because the caption below the image is not copied from the website, and is just a description of the image, no italics or quotation marks are required.

Fig. 4. Photograph of Elvis meeting Nixon (Carlson).


Works Cited

Carlson, Peter. “When Elvis Met Nixon.” Smithsonian, Dec. 2010, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-elvis-met-nixon-69892425/. Accessed 25 Aug. 2022.

Citing an image from a website that already has a caption

When you are use an image from a website that already has a description or title, you can use that as the caption and include the full reference for the page it came from in your works cited list.

If the image is a photograph or an work of art, the caption should be in italics, otherwise use quotation marks.

Fig. 5. Refugee & IDP Camps from Above (United Nations Photo).


Works Cited

United Nations Photo. Refugee & IDP Camps from Above. Flickr, 7 Dec. 2012, www.flickr.com/photos/un_photo/24590922034/. Accessed 26 Aug. 2022.

Citing a screenshot from YouTube

Include a timestamp in your in-text citation to show at what point in the video you took the screenshot:

Fig. 6. Screenshot of “The AI That Creates Any Picture You Want, Explained” (Vox 10:38).


Works Cited

Vox. “The AI That Creates Any Picture You Want, Explained.” YouTube, 1 June 2022, www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVcsDDABEkM. Accessed 31 Aug. 2022.

Citing a photograph that you have taken yourself

Include a statement in the caption to make it clear that you are the author. No reference is needed in your works cited list.

Citing Google Maps


Works Cited

Map of Tsim Tsa Tsui, Hong Kong. Google Maps, 2019. www.google.com/maps/@22.2989636,114.1711692,15.91z. Accessed 10 Oct. 2021.

Citing an artwork without an author

If you want to cite an art work and no author is given, you can use the image title for the caption and you don't need to include an in-text citation:

Visit the for more information.


Works Cited

Portrait of Oscar Wilde as a Young Man. 1880. Art Institute of Chicago, www.artic.edu/artworks/101012/untitled-portrait-of-oscar-wilde-as-a-young-man. Accessed 16 Apr. 2022.

Note that the date above “1880” is followed by a full-stop, as it is an optional element relating to the original publication date of the artwork rather than the date it was published on the website.

Logo
Logo
Featured Magazines
New User Authentication

Italics

Photograph or Painting.

E.g. Under the Wave off Kanagawa

“Quotation Marks”

An individual image from a website which already has a title or description in a caption, or a an individual cartoon or illustration.

No Formatting

A description you’ve created yourself. Do not capitalise each word.

E.g. Photograph of a dog skateboarding

Combination

Screenshot of Mona Lisa

google images
Creative Commons
Embed from Getty Images
MLA Style Center
Fig. 7. Hong Kong street art (personal photograph by author).
Fig. 3. Screenshot of Map of Tsim Tsa Tsui, Hong Kong.
Fig. 11. Portrait of Oscar Wilde as a Young Man.
Logo
Logo
Logo
Logo
Logo
Logo
Logo
Logo
Logo
Destiny Discover
Digital Theatre+
Logo
Logo

Capitalisation

Capitalisation Rules for Titles in MLA

Capitalise the first word, the last word, and all main words.

Do not capitalize the following unless they are at the beginning of the title: a, an, the, and, but, for, nor, or, so, in, of, to).

e.g.

  • Guardians of the Galaxy

  • To All the Boys I've Loved Before

  • The Fault in Our Stars

  • The Amazing Spider-Man

  • One of Us Is Lying

  • The Origins of the Second World War

  • At Night, I Become a Monster

  • I'd Tell You I Love You, but Then I'd Have to Kill You

Capitalise these things in a Title

Capitalise these parts of speech:

  • nouns

  • pronouns

  • verbs

  • adjectives

  • adverbs

  • subordinating conjunctions (e.g., after, although, as, as if, as soon as, because, before, if, that, unless, until, when, where, while)

Do not Capitalise these

Do not capitalise these parts of speech:

  • prepositions (e.g., against, as, between, in, of, to, according to)

  • coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet)

  • the "to" in infinitives

  • articles (a, an, the)

Finding Images

See also AI Image Generation Tools

Most search engines, such as Google, include a creative commons image search. Other sites to try include:

Unsplash

Wikimedia Commons

Smithsonian Open Access

Fickr Commons

Flickr Library of Congress

Flickr Internet Archive Book Images

Wellcome Images

Creative Commons Search

Wikipedia: Public Domain Images

Google Arts & Culture

The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Rijks Museum

Getty Images (For Embedding Online)

Graphics

Undraw

Logo
Logo
Logo
Logo
Logo
Logo
Fig. 3. Zhangye Danxia National Geopark, Gansu, China (TONNAJA).

Formatting Dates

Months

Month
Abbreviation

January

Jan.

February

Feb.

March

Mar.

April

Apr.

May

May

June

June

July

July

August

Aug.

September

Sep.

October

Oct.

November

Nov.

December

Dec.

For accessed dates, add the day, month and year.

e.g. Accessed 21 Sep. 2022.

Source Type
How much detail is needed?
Example

Book, Movie, Song

Just the year

Rowling, J. K. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. Bloomsbury Children’s Books, 2018.

Web page, YouTube video, Newspaper article, Magazine article

The day, month, and year.

Godwin, Richard. “If We Want to Save the Planet, the Future of Food Is Insects.” The Guardian, 8 May 2021, www.theguardian.com/food/2021/may/08/if-we-want-to-save-the-planet-the-future-of-food-is-insects. Accessed 20 Sept. 2022.

Journal article

Month or season and year.

Williams, Tony. “Space, Place, and Spectacle: The Crisis Cinema of John Woo.” Cinema Journal, vol. 36, no. 2, winter 1997, pp. 67–84. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1225775. Accessed 21 Sep. 2022.

Key Terms

English Term
Explanation
Chinese Term
Chinese Explanation

1. Generative AI

A subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on creating new content, ideas, or solutions autonomously.

生成式 AI

一个人工智能子领域,专注于自主创建新的内容、想法或解决方案。

2. Deep Learning

A subfield of artificial intelligence that uses artificial neural networks to mimic human brain functions for learning.

深度学习

一个人工智能子领域,使用人工神经网络模仿人脑功能以进行学习。

3. Neural Network

A computer model inspired by the human brain, consisting of interconnected nodes or neurons.

神经网络

受人脑启发的计算机模型,由相互连接的节点或神经元组成。

4. GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer)

A type of generative AI model that can understand and generate human-like text based on given input.

GPT (生成预训练变换器)

一种生成式AI模型,可以根据给定输入理解和生成类似人类的文本。

5. Training Data

The data used to teach a machine learning model how to perform a specific task.

训练数据

用于教授机器学习模型如何执行特定任务的数据。

6. Fine-tuning

The process of refining a machine learning model's performance using additional data.

微调

使用额外数据优化机器学习模型性能的过程。

7. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

A subfield of artificial intelligence that enables computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language.

自然语言处理 (NLP)

一个人工智能子领域,使计算机能够理解、解释和生成人类语言。

8. Model

A mathematical representation of a system or process that can be used to make predictions or decisions.

模型

用于预测或决策的系统或过程的数学表示。

9. Bias

A systematic error in a machine learning model's predictions due to flawed assumptions or training data.

偏差

由于错误的假设或训练数据导致的机器学习模型预测中的系统性错误。

10. Hallucination

An output generated by a machine learning model that is not grounded in reality or input data.

幻觉

机器学习模型生成的与现实或输入数据无关的输出。

Logo